Formation of the coconut pearl - "On my last voyage to the East Indies for purposes of study, I resolved to endeavour to find out something further about the cocos-pearl and if possible to solve the problem of its formation . . . The normal germination process of the coco-nut begins by an enlargement of the embryo, whereby the cotyledon commences to grow inwards to an absorbing organ (haustorium), and thereby comes to protrude outside the endosperm and into the central cavity. Simultaneously with this, the plumule grow out and, breaking through the membranous operculum of the germinating pore, it pushes its way out through the hard shell . . . Given that the germination, being in progress, is stopped by some cause or other, thus preventing the further development of the haustorium it is conceivable that the haustorium in this state might become encrusted by the influence of the coco-nut milk, and that from this the completely petrified cocos-pearl would gradually be formed . . . a coconut without geminating pores is a very great rarity, for which reason they are regarded by the Mohammedans as sacred. The 'klapa boeta' is a talisman (tjimat) par excellence . . . I finally succeeded in collecting eight unopened 'blind' coco-nuts from the East Indian Archipelago . . . The first 'boetas' which I opened produced nothing, but in the fifth I found a really beautiful pearl still attached to the kernel . . . The pearl was attached with the least trace of a stalk, being merely embedded in the endosperm and was quite easy to remove from the kernel. It lay exactly at the base of the nut, just under the spot where the germinating pores ought to have been . . . This discovery, in my opinion, warrants the inference that the cocos-pearl actually represents a calcified haustorium, which has been retained in the nut after the primary germination was checked, owing to the plumule not being able to get through the shell . . . although it still remains unexplained why the cocos-pearl consists almost entirely of calcium carbonate, while neither the cocos-kernel nor the coco-milk contains this carbonate".
Hunger, 1925 (from "The quest for the mysterious coconut pearl" by Haile, 1974)
Brazil - It is reported that Brazil had in 1962 ten million dwarf King Coconut palms, all of which were the offspring since 1942 of two palms that had survived importation from Ceylon in 1925.
Corner, 1966
Mexico
- Cancuen is
long, narrow, and flat, nearly ten kilometres in
length by less than one kilometre broad in places. Its eastern part
is merely a sandbank, while the western and central portions are
covered with scrub and high forest growth interspersed with patches
of swamp. Till quite recently it had been entirely uninhabited, with
the exception of a few temporary fishermen' s huts along the shore,
but a few years ago an enterprising Meridano started cutting the bush
and planting coco-nuts, and, finding that they did well on the island
soil, he has now felled nearly the whole of the bush, leaving exposed
a great number of ruins, all belonging to the east coast or Tulum
type, none of which were previously known to archaeologists.
Thomas Gann (1924) In An Unknown Land. pp 148-149.
Fruit component analysis - carried out on individual fruits from nineteen selections in Ceylon
[Sir] Frank Stockdale, 1924
1923
Thick
husk - ". .
. It may be that the thickness of the husk may form some guide to the
original home of the coconut, those with a thick husk being much more
likely to withstand a long sea voyage in the open sea than those less
well protected. Thus in varieties of coconuts figured by Prudhomme,
it will be noticed that those obtained from the East Coast of Africa
have a very much thicker fruit coat than many of the other varieties
originating in countries where they are more nearly adjacent to other
land."
Sampson, H.C. (1923). The Coconut Palm. Bale and Danielsson, London. p74
Losses - Shortage of coconut oil in the Prison stores at Tanga, Tanganyika Territory and measures to prevent losses in East African Dependencies
UK Public Record Office
1922
High
Yielding Variety -
Long before there was a "Green Revolution" in cereals,
dwarf coconut varieties, planted at high density and responsive to
fertilizer, were being actively promoted in Malaya. As a result,
world-wide interest was generated in the Malayan Dwarf and it was
available in Jamaica in the 60s as a source of lethal yellowing
resistance and in the 70s as a seed parent for F1 hybrid production.
Jack, H.W. & Sands, W.N. (1922) The dwarf coconut in Malaya. Mal. Ag. J. 10, 4-12.
Foreign coconut varieties were introduced to the British West Indies in 1921 and 1923.
Harries, 1978
1920
Indonesia
- This period saw
the first attempt to collect coconut varieties at Buitenzorg, Java .
Hunger, 1920
Zanzibar - "There are two varieties of coco-nut palms grown in Zanzibar. The first is the ordinary species, while the second is a diminutive variety known as the Pemba coco-nut. This latter palm is very much smaller than the ordinary species, and with its clusters of gold-coloured nuts has a most pleasing and graceful appearance. It is planted to mark boundaries, and its milk is esteemed for drinking".
F.B. Pearce, Zanzibar, The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa, (T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1920).
Zanzibar
- "The
natives differentiate between three
different types of coconut palms; the common Zanzibar Palm Mnazi wa
Unguja with bright yellow inflorescences and nuts of the same colour;
the Mnazi wa Bahari (the sea palm) with very big green nuts and
inflorescences,
Voeltzkow, â¬ÜReise in Ostafrikaâ¬" (1920)
1919
Nyiur
gading - Will
Handover was the first to realise the commercial possibilities of the
dwarf coconut.
Handover, W.P. (1919) The
dwarf coconut Malay.
Agric. J. 8, 295-297
Neglect to water seedlings - Only since the author * drew attention to the possibilities of coconuts in the Sierra Leone Littoral has the Government seriously taken up coconut growing there, importing the seeds from Malay (sic). Previously the authorities had failed, owing, among other causes, to native antipathy, the natives neglecting to water the young trees because "the nuts themselves contained liquid."
* Sierra Leone: its people, products and secret societies
Newland HO 1919 The Planting, Cultivation, and Expression of Coconuts, Kernels, Cacao and Edible Vegetable Oils and Seeds of Commerce. A Practical Handbook for Planters, Financiers, Scientists, and Others. London: Charles Griffin & Co.
Red
ring -
The root disease or red ring disease of coco-nut palms.
Nowell, W.
(1919) West Indian Bulletin 18, 438.
Cocos poni Hauman, Physis (Buenos Aires) 4: 604 (1919) is a synonym for Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 498 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Butia poni (Hauman) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 1051 (1930).
Cocos virgata A.Usteri, Guia Bot. Praca Rep. e Jard. Luz: 13 (1919) is an unplaced name. Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
East
African Diseases - Rapport sur les maladies des cocotiers de la
Compagnie du Zambeze.
de Souza da Camara, M., Coutinho, D.M.de F.
P. & de Moraes Moniz da Maia, R. (1918) Extr. de la Revue
Agronomique, Lisboa.
The
origin and dispersal of Cocos
nucifera - The
special circumstances in which the Palmyra Islands are placed; their
coral origin; their isolation, consequent to the great distance from
any other land; the complete absence of indigeneous inhabitants; the
want of drinking water; the absence of any traces of economic plants
that might suggest that they had ever been inhabited; and the
certainty that they are but seldom visited either by fishermen or by
any person who has tried to turn their wealth (which consists of the
coconut solely) into a source of profit - all these give me the
occasion, in addition to describing the peculiar characteristics
Beccari, O. Philippines Journal of Science, C. Botany
12, 27-43.
Coconut Plantations Company - Beautifully engraved certificate from the Coconut Plantations Company issued in 1917. This certificate was printed by the American Banknote Company and was issued to Alonzo Elliott & Co. This historic document is hand signed by the Company President and Treasurer. Click to see
Hawaii
1914-1917 -
To meet the demand for coconut oil on the continental United States,
Arthur Hyde Rice planted 140,000 coconut palms. The area was named
Coconut Grove for the numerous palms. Unfortunately, he planted the
wrong variety [?] and suffered severe financial losses.
Hall, TW
(1998) The History of Kailua.
Taxonomy - Il genere Cocos Linn. e le palme affini.
Beccari, O. (1916) L'agricoltura coloniale 10, 435-437, 489-532, 585-623.
Lord Kitchener of Khartoum - In 1916, Kitchener embarked on a mission to Russia to encourage that flagging ally to continued resistance. His ship, the H.M.S. Hampshire, hit a German mine and sank off the Orkney Islands, and he drowned. Any ideas he may have had to grow coconuts for 500km along the banks of the Nile went down with him.
Harries et al (2003) Kitchener's Coconuts. Palms & Cycads (PACSOA) 78
India - Coconut research began in India in 1916, and a variety collection was started there in 1921
Harries, 1978
1915
Choco
- A variety was brought to
Jamaica from Choco on the Pacific coast of Panama after the canal was
opened in 1915.
Harries, 1971.
Coconut
fuel in East Africa -
"By the middle of 1915 the lack of machine-made goods began to
make itself felt . . . At Morogoro, a certain Dr. Schultze invented a
substitute for petrol out of copra called "trebol"."
Eberlie, R.F. (1960) The German achievement in East Africa.
Tanganyika Notes & Records No. 55. Reprinted. Pages 24-25.
Hamel Smith -
may have made the first suggestion for a coconut breeding
programme.
Anon (1915) Vegetable oil notes Tropical Life 11 (9)
164-166
Experiments
with coconuts - perhaps the first scientific attempt to improve
on traditional methods?
Knowles, CH (1915} Coconut experiments.
Bull. 8, Dep. Agr. Fiji 1915 pp.8.
1914
The
Daily Telegraph -
of January 7, in an article calling attention to the huge profits and
brilliant prospects of coconut growing states: "The world has
been ransacked for coconuts, but the supply is wholly insufficient."
The Empire & Empire Finance
Gorgona
Island coconut variety -
"Gorgona Island between 3rd and 5th parallel N of Equator 24
miles off Colombia. It is famous for producing coconuts of immense
size and are of great use to planters as seed nuts. Average yield 82
nuts/tree/year,
William Bardy reporting in the Prospectus for Gorgona Island Coconut Estate Ltd.
1913
Financial
News (Empire Section) June 12 - "Remarkable attention is
being directed towards the coconut industry, and on all sides one
hears of the boom that is at hand."
Coghlan, 1913
Zanzibar - "The native recognize three different kinds of coconut: the Pemba nut, the African nut, and the Indian nut. The Pemba cocoa-nut palm grows to a height of sixty or eighty feet, and bears nuts with light brown, oblong-shaped husks. The African palm grows to one hundred feet or more, and the nuts have very thick, green, oblong-shaped husks. The kernel and milk of the African nut are not so sweet as those of the other two. The Indian palm does not grow as tall as the others, and begins to bear much earlier - after about six years: the husk of the nut is round in shape, yellow and thin, and the kernel is very sweet".
Craster (1913)
Le
traitment de l'huile de coco en europe est de date relativement
recent. Ce fut en 1814, que pour la premiere fois une petite
cargaison fut introduite en Angleterre ou on la destinate a servir
d'huile d'eclairage, destination pour laquelle ce corps gras, qui se
solidifie deja vers 18 deg., n'etait nullement indique. Aussi dut-on
l'employer a la fabrication du savon; malgre son odeur de rancidite
caracteristique
Collet O.J.A. (1913)
1912
Coconut
as an investment -
"I know of no field of Tropical Agriculture that is so promising
at the present moment as coco-nut planting, and I do not think in the
whole world there is promise of so lucrative an investment of time
and money as in this industry".
Sir W.H. Lever (later Lord
Leverhulme) in the Introduction to "Coconuts: Consols of the
East" edited by Hamel-Smith & Pape in 1912
The term
"consols" was short for "Consolidated Annuities"
which were British government securities created by combining or
consolidating several securities in the 1700s. They paid an invariant
3 percent interest a year, and although they could be bought and
sold, they could not be redeemed (like savings bonds) for cash. In
the days before a real stock market, they were one of the few things,
besides land, that were a safe investment giving a secure return.
The
Cult of the Coconut:
a popular exposition of the coconut and oil palm industries.
Anon:
Curtis Gardner, London
The "coconut cult" and "coconut
boom" were features of the stock market in the early years of
the 20th century.
1911
Queen
Emma - "The
possibilities of coco-nut seed introduction were fully realized by
German planters resident in this Territory before the war [WWI]. Mrs.
Forsythe, known as Queen Emma, is said to have introduced selected
coco-nuts from Samoa to her plantations at Herbertshohe (now Kokopo).
The German Government also imported two of the best kinds of
coco-nuts from a representative of the Imperial Government in Samoa
to the Rabaul Botanic Gardens, about 1911. The one producing large
coco-nuts was introduced as Niu Vai, while the smaller variety was
brought in under the name Niu iu".
Dwyer, R.E.P. (1938) Coco-nut improvement by seed selection and plant breeding. New Guinea Agric. Gaz. 4, 24-102
New Guinea - "Their administration introduced palms bearing small attractive yellow nuts from 'Stephansort' apparently at, or in the vicinity of, the plantation Bogadjim. These were stated in the 1911-13 report of the Botanic Gardens, to have grown well and to be bearing plenty of fruit. Some of these palms are still in the gardens and appear to breeding remarkably true for the yellow coloration".
Dwyer, R.E.P. (1938) Coco-nut improvement by seed selection and plant breeding. New Guinea Agric. Gaz. 4, 24-102.
Nut lard - In April 1911 the "Daily Mirror&" ran an article on the production of Maypole margarine at a Dorset dairy in which it described how refined coconut oil which was a pure white solid came in casks containing 300 or 400 lb. and had to be chopped, manually, into small pieces before melting in immense tanks . . . And - as the advertisements at the time said - it was a healthier source because there was no disease risk as with animal products. For instance Nut Lard was advertised at the beginning of this century, as follows: "Nut Lard is an absolutely pure vegetable fat, extracted from the coco-nut. It is sweeter than ordinary lard or butter, and cheaper than either. It is white, odourless, does not turn rancid and is infinitely superior to ordinary lard for all culinary purposes . It can be used with the most delicate dishes without altering the natural flavour of the dish. Nut Lard contains neither salt nor water. In cold weather, Nut Lard may become hard - it should then be shredded before using." The most telling part of the advertisement was that: "Nut Lard is unequalled for frying fish, it does not splutter, there is no smell, and it can afterwards be strained and kept for future use".
Cod and chips - coconut and soap: is there a connection. Fish Friers Review, p. 22, October 1988
Procter & Gamble - Crisco was introduced by Procter &; Gamble in 1911, to provide an economical alternative to animal fats and butter. Crisco, a solidified shortening product made entirely of vegetable oil, was the result of hydrogenation, a new process that produced shortening that would stay in solid form year-round, regardless of temperature.
http://www.cris
Hydrogenation - Until shortly before World War II, margarines (which had originally started as blends of animal fats for a cheap butter substitute) were largely (90%) made of coconut oil, animal tallow, or lard; very little hydrogenation was required or used.
TransfatInfoWeb
Botanical romance - O.F. Cook, published a monograph in favour of the coconut palm coming originally from the Americas. He excluded the possibility of dispersal by ocean currents, accusing others of "Botanical romance". His own "romantic" ideas were corrected by Beccari, Chiovenda, Merrill and others but Thor Heyerdahl was misled by them.
Cook, OF (1910) History of the coconut palm in America. Contr US Natn Herb 14, 271-342
Ceylon coconuts were introduced to Ghana in 1910.
Johnson & Harries, 1976
1909
Zanzibar
- "According to the shape of
the nuts there are at least three varieties known of the common Cocos
. Their exact description has still to be done. Additionally there is
the mnazi ya Pemba, a shorter variety, which normally does not have a
bole with egg-shaped, orange-yellow nuts which are only used as drink
nuts. This seems to be the variety which is known as tembili or King
Coconut coming from Ceylon. Also in Zanzibar there occurs rarely and
as a curiosity a dwarf, known as mnazi ya kitamli ."
Stuhlmann (1909, p.20)
Sri Lanka - According to Pollard (1909) the Dutch in Sri Lanka planted so called waste land in 1742 the so that by 1909 hundreds of miles of the southwest coast was unbroken coconut.
1908
Cuba
- It is now thought that the
disease reported from Cuba was lethal yellowing and that it was
epidemic there as much as 60 years before becoming so in Jamaica.
Horne, W.T. (1908) The bud rot and some other coconut troubles in Cuba. Bull. 15, Estac. Cent. Agron. de Cuba.
1907
All
about the coconut palm, including practical instructions for
planting and cultivation
Ferguson, J. (1907) Coconut planters manual 4th ed, Colombo.
Excellent artificial butter - Shea butter refined mixed with coconut oil makes an excellent artificial butter which can hardly be distinguished from dairy butter.
Dip & Cons. Rept. 3763 Fr. W. Africa ap. 1907, p.10.
Cocos chloroleuca Barb.Rodr., Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 6: 135 (1907) is an unplaced name.* An homotypic synonym is Syagrus chloroleuca (Barb.Rodr.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 692 (1937).
Cocos edulis Barb.Rodr., Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 4: 105 (1907) is an unplaced name.* An homotypic synonym is Syagrus edulis (Barb.Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgren, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 14: 113 (1936).
*Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1906
Madagascar
- In discussing coconut varieties
introduced to Madagascar from the Comoro Islands, Prudhomme mentions
two sub-varieties of Coco Sultan one giving dwarf coconuts and the
other giving coconut palms of tall habit. Coco Sultan is clearly
another name for King coconut. Prudhomme refers to the Bulletin du
jardin colonial. (Lafort, 1902) and says that "The Pemba dwarf
coconut, or Merassi . . . doubtless represents the dwarf sub-variety
of the Sultan Coconut named Irassi or Mourassi".
Prudhomme (1906)
Ceylon - Ferguson considered that the Portuguese did not do much about the coconut in Ceylon (from 1517) and it was only after the arrival of the Dutch (in 1658) that there was a stimulus in planting. As late as 1740 the coast between Colombo and Kalatura remained almost unplanted. In forty years more than 6 times the area was covered with coconut palm than can be credited to previous kings and governors in 1260 years between AD 589 and 1840. The manufacture of coir became important under the Dutch, being supplied and exported mainly to Batavia and the Cape of Good Hope. Between 1806 and 1813 about 3 million coconuts, 28,000 measures of oil 3,500 cwt of copra and 20,000 cwt of coir where sent from Ceylon to India. Little or no coconut oil was sent to Europe in the first quarter of the century. In 1820 Captain Boyd, an Aberdeen navigator, took home the first cargo of coconut ever exported from Ceylon. In 1832 or 1833 Acland and Boyd established the first oil mill. Captain Stewart also took a cargo of coconut oil home in 1820. When Boyd's cargo arrived there was difficulty persuading anyone to purchase it until it was used for lubrication in a woolen mill.
Ferguson, J. (1906) The coconut palm in Ceylon: Beginning, rise and progress of its cultivation. Journal No 57 Volume XIX, Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch.
Cocos elegantissima Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 78: 144 (1906), nom. Illeg is a synonym for Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 504 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Butia capitata var. elegantissima (Chabaud) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 517 (1916).
Cocos erythrospatha Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 78: 144 (1906) is a synonym for Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 504 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Butia capitata var. erythrospatha (Chabaud) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 515 (1916).
Cocos lilaceiflora Chabaud, Rev. Hort. 78: 144 (1906) is a synonym for Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 504 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Butia capitata var. lilaceiflora (Chabaud) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 518 (1916).
Cocos purusana Huber, Bull. Herb. Boissier, II, 6: 271 (1906) is an unplaced name. An homotypic synonym is Syagrus purusana (Huber) Burret, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 32: 109 (1933). Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1905
East
Africa - "Several
varieties of coconuts are cultivated, which may be distinguished by
the colour of the nuts, some of which are brown, some green, others a
rich cream colour, but no attention is paid to their selection. A
small species, called Pemba cocoanut (though as it is common in both
Zanzibar and Pemba the reason of the name is not obvious), is grown
only for the milk of the young nuts, which provides a very refreshing
drink."
Lyne, 1905, p.252
Edible
coconut fat - Production of edible
coconut fat, suitable for cooking, begins in Ringelshain, Bohemia,
and the fat is marketed under the trade name Ceres [by] Johann
Schicht, 50, whose family had been making soap at Ringelshain
since 1848 . . .
Trager, J (1996) The Food Chronology: a food
lover's compendium of events and anecdotes, from prehistory to the
present, p386
Seychelles - In the Seychelles, coconut palms raised from seed introduced from Ceylon in 1905-1910 apparently proved unpopular.
Durocher-Yvon, 1953.
Jamaica - Ten millions of nuts was the diminution shown in the exports of 1904-5 compared with the previous year, which had also suffered from the hurricane, and in its turn exhibited a diminution exceeding ten millions compared with the export of 1902-3. The growing of this tree is very lucrative, the nuts command a high price in the the United States, and it is to be hoped that extensive new plantations will be formed.
Colonial Reports Annual, Jamaica (1904-5) page 22.
Coconut seednuts introduced to Jamaica after the 1904 hurricane came from the San Blas islands (on the Caribbean coast of Panama).
Harries, 1971
1903
Rarontonga
- Vegetation on the Cook Islands
varies greatly between the high volcanic islands and the low atolls.
The coconut palm flourishes nearly everywhere.
Cheesman, T.F. (1903) The flora of Rarotonga the chief island of the Cook group. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. Series 2, 6, 261-313.
Cocos apaensis Barb.Rodr., Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 100 (1903) is a synonym for Syagrus campylospatha (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus apaensis (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916).
Cocos arenicola Barb.Rodr., Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 100 (1903) is a synonym for Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 47 (1936). Homotypic synonyms are Butia arenicola (Barb.Rodr.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 1051 (1930) and Syagrus arenicola (Barb.Rodr.) Frambach, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 14: 109 (1936).
Cocos barbosii Barb.Rodr., Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 86 (1903) and Cocos cogniauxiana Barb.Rodr., Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 102 (1903). are unplaced names (Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew).
Cocos dyeriana Barb.Rodr., Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 95 (1903) is a synonym for Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 47 (1936). Homotypic synonyms are Syagrus dyeriana (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916) and Butia dyeriana (Barb.Rodr.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 696 (1937).
Cocos hassleriana Barb.Rodr., Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 101 (1903) is a synonym for Syagrus campylospatha (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916) An homotypic synonym is Syagrus hassleriana (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916).
Cocos wildemaniana Barb.Rodr., Sert. Palm. Brasil. 1: 101 (1903) is a synonym for Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 47 (1936). Homotypic synonyms are Butia wildemaniana (Barb.Rodr.) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 1050 (1930) and Syagrus wildemaniana (Barb.Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgren, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 14: 124 (1936).
1902
Bronx
Zoo - The International Wildlife Conservation Park,
situated in Bronx Park, New York City, and known popularly as the
Bronx Zoo, opened in 1899 and within three years the New York Botanic
Garden published a scientific article on coconut.
Kirkwood and Gies (1902) Chemical study of the coconut and some notes on the changes during germination. Cont. NY Bot. Gdn.
Cocos glazioviana Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 31(70): 21 (1902) is a synonym for Syagrus petraea (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus glazioviana (Dammer) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916).
Cocos urbaniana Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 31(70): 22 (1902) is a synonym for Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus urbaniana (Dammer) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 468 (1916).
Dry climates of interior localities in Colombia - were "the only conditions where this palm could be expected to maintain its existence in a wild state" even though they could no longer be found in those areas. There was an ulterior motive for this theory - to encourage coconut cultivation in hot, dry (but irrigable) parts of southern California and New Mexico.
Cook, O.F. (1901)
The origin and distribution of the cocoa palm. Contr US Natn Herb 7,
257-293.
Coconut introduced into Uganda in 1901 â¬
and said to fruit fairly well.
Thomas, A.S. (1940) Fruits and
vegetables. Appendix Tothill, J.D. Agriculture in Uganda. OUP. p490.
Cocos arechavaletana Barb.Rodr., Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 1: 43 (1901) is a synonym for Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382 (1968).
Cocos catechucarpa Barb.Rodr., Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 1: 41 (1901) is a synonym for Syagrus picrophylla Barb.Rodr., Prot.-App. Enum. Palm. Nov.: 45 (1879). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus catechucarpa (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916).
Cocos stolonifera Barb.Rodr., Contr. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 1: 40 (1901) is a synonym Butia stolonifera (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 492 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Butia stolonifera (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 492 (1916).
1900
Cocos
amadelpha Barb.Rodr., Palm. Hassler.: 7 (1900) is a synonym
for Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb.
4: 47 (1936). Homotypic synonyms are Butia amadelpha (Barb.Rodr.)
Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 10: 1050 (1930) and Syagrus
amadelpha (Barb.Rodr.) Frambach ex Dahlgren, Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., Bot. Ser. 14: 108 (1936).
Cocos campicola Barb.Rodr., Palm. Hassler.: 6 (1900) is a synonym for Butia campicola (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick, Palms 48: 42 (2004). Homotypic synonyms are Syagrus campicola (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916) and Butia campicola (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick, Palms 48: 42 (2004).
Cocos campylospatha Barb.Rodr., Palm. Hassler.: 9 (1900) is a synonym for Syagrus campylospatha (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916) which is an homotypic synonym.
Cocos
capanemae (Barb.Rodr.) Drude in H.G.A.Engler &
K.A.E.Prantl (eds.), Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 2: 56 (1900) is a
synonym for Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman, Fieldiana,
Bot. 31: 386 (1968). Homotypic synonyms are Arikuryroba capanemae
(*) Barb.Rodr., Pl. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 1: 5 (1891) and Cocos
arikuryroba Barb.Rodr., Palm. Matogross. Nov.: 25 (1898). [*
Basionym/Replac
Cocos equatorialis Barb.Rodr., Palm. Hassler.: 38 (1900) is a synonym for Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916).
Cocos lilliputiana Barb.Rodr., Palm. Hassler.: 5 (1900) is a synonym for Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus lilliputiana (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916).
Cocos quinquefaria Barb.Rodr., Palm. Hassler.: 13 (1900) is a synonym for Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916). Cocos pynaertii auct., Gard. Chron., III, 1891(1): 683 (1891). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus quinquefaria (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916).
1899
Monkeys
and orang-outangs -
are very expert in destroying the tough outer covering of the
cocoa-nut, though quite two inches thick. They insert their teeth
into the tapering end of the nut, where the shell is very uneven,
hold it firmly with the right foot, and with the left tear the
covering to pieces. Then thrusting a finger into one of the natural
apertures they pierce a hole, drink the milk, break the shell on some
hard object and eat the kernel.
Birds
and All Nature Vol V, No 2, February 1899 [and
100 years later, see Siex, K.S. & Struhsaker, T.T. (1999) Colobus
monkeys and coconuts: a study of perceived human-wildlife conflicts.
Autonomic and Autocoid Pharmaclogy 36(6) 1009-1020].
East Africa - The coconut palm is planted in large numbers and provides a high yield of copra. There is one special variety on Pemba, which has been disseminated from this island to Zanzibar and the mainland, it is called Nazi ya Pemba a short variety with short leaves and yellow-red nuts containing a very delicious juice"
Baumann 1899, p.12.
Coconut - Jamaica circa 1899
Copyright by C.H. Graves, Philadelphia.
Cocos paraguayensis Barb.Rodr., Palm. Paraguay.: 9 (1899) is a synonym for Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 47 (1936). Homotypic synonyms are Butia yatay var. paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 503 (1916), Butia paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 4: 47 (1936), Syagrus paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 151 (1970) and Butia yatay subsp. paraguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) Xifreda & Sanso, Hickenia 2: 207 (1996).
Cocos sapida Barb.Rodr., Palm. Paraguay.: 12 (1899) is an unplaced name. An homotypic synonym is Syagrus sapida (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 468 (1916). Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Chemical
Composition -
This oil contains a small amount of oleic acid, as glyceride (olein).
The bulk of the oil consists of a glyceride sometimes called coconin
(cocinate of glycerin), which is a mixture of several glycerides
(Oudemans), chiefly laurin, the glycerin ester of lauric acid.
Myristin, palmitin, and stearin are likewise present, as well as the
glycerides of caproic, caprinic, and caprylic acids. The oil is
separable by hydraulic pressure into a solid portion utilized in
candle-making, and an oily portion used for salad dressings,
illuminating purposes, the manufacture of soaps, etc.
Felter,
HW and Lloyd, JU (1898) King's American Dispensatory.
Exports
of copra -
from the Philippines to America began to assume importance after 1898
as a result of the Spanish-America
Child, 1974
French Polynesia - palms planted between 1898 and 1918 acccounted for more than a quarter of those growing 40 or 50 years later
Child, 1974
Cocos
arikuryroba Barb.Rodr., Palm. Matogross. Nov.: 25 (1898) is a
synonym for Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) Glassman,
Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 386 (1968). Homotypic synonyms are Arikuryroba
capanemae (*) Barb.Rodr., Pl. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 1: 5 (1891)
and Cocos capanemae (Barb.Rodr.) Drude in H.G.A.Engler &
K.A.E.Prantl (eds.), Nat. Pflanzenfam., Nachtr. 2: 56 (1900). *
Basionym/Replac
1897
Mafia
Island - Baumann
also reports that he had seen the Pemba coconut palms in Mafia
Baumann 1897
1896
Zanzibar
- "This variety [the Pemba
coconut] has no value as a copra palm . . . and is cultivated for
drinking nut production only".
Baumann 1896, p.17).
Coconut oil replaced animal fat in the manufacture of margarine (patented 1896)
Harries, 1978
Desiccated coconut - "Baker's Coconut Co. has its beginnings at Philadelphia, where local miller Franklin Baker, 47, accepts a cargo of fresh coconuts in lieu of cash for a consignment of flour that he has shipped to a merchant at Havana. Political unrest in Cuba has made it impossible for the merchant to raise cash. When Baker finds that he cannot sell the coconuts in Philadelphia markets, he buys machinery and develops a method for producing shredded coconut meat of uniform quality, a product which he promotes to local housewives. The coconut business will prove so successful that Baker will sell his flour mill in 2 years and establish the Franklin Baker Co., dealing in coconut meat."
Trager, J (1996) The Food Chronology: a food lover's compendium of events and anecdotes, from prehistory to the present p.346.
1894
Maypole
Margarine -
in 1894, Otto Monsted, a Dane, built an enormous margarine factory
near Southall station. It became the largest margarine factory in the
world occupying 68 acres, with its own railway sidings and branch
canal.
Cocos Island (Costa Rica) - August Gissler registered the "Cocos Island Plantation Company" in 1894 and sold stock certificates to finance the planting of crops and not at least to get the necessary fund for his treasure hunt.
Cocos iagua Sessé & Moç., Fl. Mexic., ed. 2: 240 (1894) is an unplaced name. Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Weed of Weeds - I do not think I knew what cocoa-nuts were till I saw those at Ceylon; there they are the weed of weeds, and grow on the actual sea-sand .
North, M., 1893. Further recollections of a happy life,
Macmillan
"Cocos nucifera
is a weed in some parts of the world naturalising in parts of the USA
and Australia where it is not native this due entirely to human aided
spread. . . . In the US it has been considered an environmental weed
displacing native species. We are not talking about coastal
environments here but tropical or subtropical areas where the species
has been introduced and has flourished. It is not considered a
serious environmental weed but people have certainly mentioned it as
problematic".
Rod Randall, Weed
Science Group, Agriculture Western Australia
The largest company-owned [coconut] plantations in the worlds were developed by the Portuguese in Mozambique, beginning in 1892.
Child, 1974
Cocos odorata Barb.Rodr., Pl. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 1: 11 (1891) is a synonym for Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 504 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Butia capitata var. odorata (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 513 (1916).
Cocos pulposa Barb.Rodr., Pl. Jard. Rio de Janeiro 1: 14 (1891) is a synonym for Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 504 (1916). Homotypic synonyms are Butia capitata var. pulposa (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 19: 516 (1916) and Butia pulposa (Barb.Rodr.) Nehrl., Amer. Eagle 24(17): 1 (5 Sept. 1929).
Cocos pynaertii auct., Gard. Chron., III, 1891(1): 683 (1891) is a synonym for Lytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Toledo, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 8 (1944).
1890
Commercial
Botany of the Nineteenth Century -
COCOA-NUT and PALM OIL. The first, it is well known, is the produce
of Cocos nucifera,
a widely spread tropical palm; the second, the produce of Elaeis
guineensis, a palm
confined to West Africa. The trade in both these oils has been
largely developed since 1840, and is due, to a great extent, to the
energy of Price's Patent Candle Company, which had its beginnings
some fifty years or more since. For some time the oil alone was
imported, the cocoa-nut kernel being crushed in Ceylon, whence the
bulk came. Of late years, however, both oil and dried kernel have
been imported, the latter known as "coprah" which is
submitted to pressure in this country.
So rapid did the utilisation of cocoa-nut oil become after the establishment of the company just referred to, that they turned out in the month of October, 1849, twenty tons of cocoa-nut candles, of the value of £1,590, and about twelve tons of stearic and composite candles, valued at £1,227. In October 1855, the quantity of stearic and composite candles made by the firm amounted to 707 tons, of the value of £79,500.
Cocoa-nut
a comparative rarity -
There are a good many people still living who can remember when a
Cocoa-nut was a comparative rarity in some parts of England. In a few
old country mansions, or on the mantel-shelves of retired
sea-captains, and occasionally in London curiosity shops, might be
seen strangely-figur
Coconut shy - Writers who expatiate on the enormous growth of importations and the development of trade in various foreign commodities during the last sixty or seventy years, point, among other illustrations, to the immensely increased consumption of the oil extracted from the cocoa-nut, of which an enormous number of tons reach this country from Ceylon; but few of them refer to the consumption of the cocoa-nut itself, as an indication of the advance of commercial enterprise. Yet in nearly every country fair, and in almost all the open spaces round London at holiday seasons, the cocoa-nut plays so conspicuous a part that every child is acquainted with it, most children have eaten it, and large numbers have tasted the thin, rather insipid liquor that is the "milk'' in a very deteriorated condition. The origin of the now neglected game of "Aunt Sally," also an importation from the tropics, may be attributed to the cocoa-nut; and at any rate the cocoa-nut "shy'' has superseded it by providing not only for the amusement, but the cupidity of the patrons of "three sticks a penny." It has also nearly superseded the more ancient "cock shies," where the prizes were pincushions, knives, toys, and painted tin snuff-boxes - just as these covetable articles took the place of the gingerbread and gilded [. . . ] that in earlier days displaced the live cocks at which the brutal part of the population threw sticks on Shrove Tuesdays.
Enormous consumption of the nut - Cocoa-nuts have become an ordinary article of commerce in markets and many fruiterers' shops, but still the outer husks and shells are comparatively out of sight. Probably many people may still fancy hat they are not brought here with the nuts in any considerable quantity, nor would the majority even of Londoners easily estimate the enormous consumption of the nut itself. A reference to the "inward'' shipping lists, or a visit to Monument Yard on Fish Street Hill, where the catalogues of the foreign fruit auctions may be seen, would disclose the fact that hundreds and thousands of tons of these [are imported every year].
Jackson, JR (1890) Commercial Botany of the Nineteenth Century. Cassell & Co, London
Andaman Islands - Prain (1890) states that Cocos nucifera is indigenous on the Cocos Islands but not in Andaman Islands, and his study does not include Nicobar Islands.
Prain. D. (1890) The non-indigenous species of Andaman Flora. J. As. Soc. Beng., 59 : 235-26l.
Brazil
- The copra, or the sun-dried
interior of the cocoa nut (Cocos nucifera), is not at present
exported from Brazil, but the Minister of Agriculture addressed a
circular, on January 4, 1889, to the Brazilian consuls abroad with
the object of creating a trade in copra and the external fibres of
the cocoa nut. It is suggested at the same time that by using only
half the suitable land along the Brazilian sea shore 3,519,978 cocoa
nut trees could be planted 15 yards apart, which would bear fruit
from their sixth to their fortieth year. The copra alone would be
sold at £12 per ton, and the ground by the seashore
being good for nothing else, a gross profit would be made of
£900,000, out of rather more than 75,000 tons. Foreign
Office 1889 Annual Series No 504, Diplomatic & Consular Report on
Trade & Finance, Brazil p37.
Changing attitudes to
â¬Swildâ¬ﾝ
coconuts
- an excursion
flora for Java (Koorders, 1911) recorded that in 1889 such a form was
easily recognised where it occurred on a remote coast by its very
small fruit with extraordinarily
Porcupine Wood - "the uses of this plant are said to be as numerous as the days in a year. The timber is known as 'Porcupine Wood'". Boulger GS (1889) The uses of plants: a manual of economic botany with special reference to vegetable products introduced during the last fifty years p59
Port
Sunlight -
William Hesketh Lever came to the Wirral area looking for a suitable
site to build a soap factory. His vision was to build, not only the
factory, but also houses for all his workers. He found and bought 56
acres of land at 200 UK Pounds per acre and the building of Port
Sunlight village began in 1889 with 28 houses designed by William
Owen in a road named Bolton Road after Lever's birthplace.
Port
Sunlight
Cocos australis Drude & Brandt, Gartenflora 38: 451 (1889) is a synonym for Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382 (1968).
Cocos picrophylla Barb.Rodr. ex Becc., Malpighia 1: 448 (1889) is a synonym for Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916).
1888
Christmas
Island - was
annexed by the British in 1888. At that time a coconut plantation was
started on the north part of the island. Captain Benson, who was
shipwrecked there in 1836, reported that several platforms made by
humans were to be found on the east coast. He also estimated the
number of coconut trees to be approx. 2000. The island was discovered
on Christmas Eve 1777 by Captain Cook. At that time the island was
uninhabited though Cook mentioned that there were a number of coconut
trees on the island, which indicated earlier occupation by man. In
1913 Christmas Island was leased by the French catholic priest Father
Emmanuel Rougier and he also used it as a coconut plantation.
The Kon-Tiki Museum Institute for Pacific Archaeology and Cultural History
Cocos orbignyana Becc., Malpighia 2: 147 (1888) is an unplaced name. Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1887
Cocoa-nut
pearls - "In
1887 coconut pearls earned their first mention in Nature, in a letter
from S.J. Hickson describing two such pearls he obtained in North
Celebes after a particular search there. J.G.F. Riedel, formerly the
Dutch Resident officer, at Menado, in another letter to Nature in
1887 mentioned that he possessed fourteen coconut pearls, one of
which he found himself in 1866 at Holontalo, North Celebes 'in the
endosperm of the seed of the cocoanut'".
Haile, N.S. (1974) The Quest for the Mysterious Coconut Pearl. The Straits Times Annual pp 75-77, 159.
Margarine - In 1813 Chevreul (the world famous fat-chemist) had isolated impure palmitic acid and called it margarine. Later this name was given to impure tripalmitin and impure oleopalmitin was called oleomargerine. Mouries lodged a patent for margarine in 1869 after working on cows milk and beef tallow. So rapidly did the margarine industry expand that towards the turn of the 19th century it was realised that an acute shortage of solid fats would have to be faced. there was an enormous increase in the export of American oleo-oil (the liquid fraction of tallow) to Europe. An alternative was the incorporation of coconut oil which had first been made possible in 1887 when FW Loder developed a suitable refining method to remove the sharp, unpleasant taste (sic) from this oil (see Schwitzer). At first this refined coconut oil found an outlet only in the confectionery industry, but when, around the turn of the century, margarine production came into its own the product found a ready market. In France Rocca, Tassey & de Roux built the largest coconut oil refinerey of that time in 1885. Meanwhile two French chemists, Sabaier & Senderens discovered catalytic hydrogenation which patent was first used in England in 1906. Hydrogenation meant that any fat could be used.
van Stuyvenberg,
J.H. (1969) margarine: an economic, social and scientific history.
Schwitzer, M.K. (1956) Margarine and other food fats p 65.
Cocos chavesiana Barb.Rodr. ex Becc., Malpighia 1: 445 (1887) is a synonym for Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus chavesiana (Barb.Rodr. ex Becc.) Barb.Rodr., Vellosia 1: 52 (1888).
Cocos
chiragua (H.Karst.) Becc., Malpighia 1: 446 (1887) is a
synonym for Syagrus sancona (Kunth) H.Karst., Linnaea 28: 247
(1856). Homotypic synonyms are Platenia chiragua (*) H.Karst.,
Linnaea 28: 250 (1856) and Syagrus chiragua (H.Karst.)
H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 257 (1878).
[*Basionym/Repl
Cocos drudei Becc., Malpighia 1: 445 (1887) is a synonym for Syagrus cocoides Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 130 (1826). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus drudei (Becc.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916).
Desiccated coconut: the coconut palm and lightning; coconut pearls; and coconut seednuts.
Tropical
Agriculturalist
1885
Sunlight Soap -
The
first experimental boil of Sunlight Soap was made at Warrington on 27
October 1885. The formula settled that day - a mix of coconut or palm
kernel oil, resin and tallow - varied little until the 20th
century.
Williams, E 1988 Port Sunlight: the first hundred years
Cocos gaertneri W.Watson, Gard. Chron., n.s., 1885(1): 439 (1885) Cocos gaertneri W.Watson, Gard. Chron., n.s., 1885(1): 439 (1885) is an unplaced name. [Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1884
Vegetable
products introduced during the last fifty years -
"cocoa-nut or copra oil, of which 244,399 cwt were imported for
our soap and candle factories in 1884"
Boulger GS (1889) The uses of plants: a manual of economic botany with special reference to vegetable products introduced during the last fifty years p143
Origin
of cultivated plants
de
Candolle
Cocos
sancona (Kunth) Hook.f., Rep. Progr. Condition Roy. Bot.
Gard. Kew 1882: 72 (1884) is a synonym for Syagrus sancona (Kunth)
H.Karst., Linnaea 28: 247 (1856). Homotypic synonyms are Oreodoxa
sancona* Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland &
C.S.Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 304 (1816). Oenocarpus sancona (Kunth)
Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 140 (1825). Palma sancona (Kunth)
Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 182 (1841), Syagrus sancona (Kunth)
H.Karst., Linnaea 28: 247 (1856) and Calappa sancona (Kunth)
Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891). *Basionym/Repla
1883
The coconut as a food; and
the milk in the coconut.
Tropical
Agriculturalist
1882
Tape
worm remedy -
"rediscovered" in 1985?
Anon
(1882-3) The coconut a remedy for tape-worm. Tropical Agriculturalist
Chowhan,G.S.; Joshi,K.R.; Bhatnagar,H.N.;
Cocos
marocarpa (Barb.Rodr.) Barb.Rodr., Palmiers: 26 (1882) is a
synonym for Syagrus macrocarpa Barb.Rodr., Prot.-App. Enum.
Palm. Nov.: 46 (1879). An homotypic synonym is Syagrus macrocarpa*
Barb.Rodr., Prot.-App. Enum. Palm. Nov.: 46 (1879). *
Basionym/Replac
Miami Beach - began in 1881 as a coconut plantation planned by Henry Lum. Developer John S. Collins, one of 60 investors in the project, helped bring 100,000 coconuts from Trinidad to plant on Miami Beach and Key Biscayne. They blanketed the area, including 10,000 of them on Lum's land south of 14th street.
Woods, C (2004) Tall palm trees help park bloom. Miami Herald, May 16, 2004, page 3MB.
Cocos acaulis Drude and Cocos acaulis var. glabra in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 426 (1881) are synonyms for Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart. in A.D.d'Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mér. 7(3): 134 (1847). Homotypic synonyms are Calappa acaulis (Drude) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891) and Syagrus acaulis (Drude) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916).
Cocos acrocomioides Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 409 (1881) is a synonym for Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382 (1968). An homotypic synonym is Calappa acrocomioides (Drude) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891).
Cocos eriospatha Mart. ex Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 424 (1881) is a synonym for Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 496 (1916). Homotypic synonyms are Calappa eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891), Butia eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 496 (1916) and Syagrus eriospatha (Mart. ex Drude) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 32: 145 (1970).
Cocos graminifolia Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 415 (1881) is a synonym for Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916). Homotypic synonyms are Calappa graminifolia (Drude) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891) and Syagrus graminifolia (Drude) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 466 (1916).
Cocos martiana Drude & Glaz. in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 418 (1881) is a synonym for Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382 (1968). An homotypic synonym is Calappa martiana (Drude & Glaz.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891).
Cocos procopiana Glaz. ex Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 412 (1881) is a synonym or Syagrus macrocarpa Barb.Rodr., Prot.-App. Enum. Palm. Nov.: 46 (1879). An homotypic synonym is Calappa procopiana (Glaz. ex Drude) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891).
Cocos syagrus Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 406 (1881) is a synonym for Syagrus cocoides Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 130 (1826).
Cocos weddellii Drude in C.F.P.von Martius & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Bras. 3(2): 411 (1881) is a synonym for Syagrus cocoides Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 2: 130 (1826). An homotypic synonym is Calappa weddellii (Drude) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891).
Refining cocoanut-oil â¬SBe it known that I, ALEXANDER P. ASHBOURNE, of Boston . . . have invented certain new and useful improvements for the preparation of cocoanut-oil for medicinal and general toilet purposes . . . boiling it with sugar, eggs, and alum, substantially as and for the purpose set forthâ¬ﾝ,
Ashbourne, A.P. (1880)
Forbes' "Notes on Cocos nucifera". Journal of Botany.
Cocos datil Drude & Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24: 283 (1879) is a synonym for Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382 (1968). An homotypic synonym is Calappa datil (Drude & Griseb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891).
Cocos geriba Barb.Rodr., Prot.-App. Enum. Palm. Nov.: 43 (1879) is a synonym for Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382 (1968).
Cocos leiospatha Barb.Rodr., Prot.-App. Enum. Palm. Nov.: 44 (1879) is a synonym for Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 504 (1916). Homotypic synonyms are Calappa leiospatha (Barb.Rodr.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891) and Butia leiospatha (Barb.Rodr.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 520 (1916).
Cocos rupestris Barb.Rodr., Prot.-App. Enum. Palm. Nov.: 45 (1879) is a synonym for Syagrus petraea (Mart.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916).
1878
Coconut
in Australia - Mueller (1867) and Thozet (1869), both described
coconut palms from locations on the Queensland coast. These reports
were summarised by Bentham (1878) in Flora
Australiensis, ". . . stunted and crooked growth in the open
sandy flats of Keppel Bay and about 30 ft high".
Bentham, 1878 Flora Australiensis: a description of the plants of the Australian Territory. G. Reeve, London. from Dowe, JL & Smith, LT (2002) A Brief History of the Coconut Palm in Australia. Palms 45(2)
Cocos butyrosa H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 140 (1878) is a synonym for Attalea humilis Mart. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2: 624 (1825).
Cocos elegantissima H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 241 (1878) is an unplaced name. Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Cocos insignis Mart. ex H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 241 (1878) is a synonym for Lytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Toledo, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 8 (1944).
Cocos maritima Comm. ex H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 241 (1878) is a synonym for Lodoicea maldivica (J.F.Gmel.) Pers. ex H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 250 (1878).
Cocos yurumaguas H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 241 (1878) is an unplaced name.Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
1877
Honduras
- Peter Jackson started Honduras
United Fruit near Tela and had a coconut oil mill.
Cocos
inajai (Spruce) Trail, J. Bot. 15: 79 (1877) is a synonym for
Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916).
Homotypic synonyms are Maximiliana inajai* Spruce, J. Linn.
Soc., Bot. 11: 163 (1869) and Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc.,
Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916). *
Basionym/Replac
1876
Burma
- Kurz (1877?) states that Cocos
nucifera grows wild
in Great Cocos Islands, a group of few islands in Burmese territory
situated north of Landfall Island, the northernmost of the Andaman
group and south of Cape Negrais of Burma.
Kurz, S. (1876?) A sketch of the vegetation of Nicobar Islands. J. As. Soc, Beng., 45 : 105-164.
1875
The
Patent Cocoa Fibre Company (Limited) - The interests of the
business were to some extent safeguarded by the Society of Cocoanut
Fibre Mat and Matting Weavers, which met in February 1875 to protest
about the use of prison labour to make cheap mats. Although the
Kingston works turned out a greater variety of goods than could be
produced in prisons, the Company felt it was being put at an unfair
disadvantage with regard to mats and matting. By the end of that
year, the Cocoa Fibre Company was seeking to wind up its business,
although permission was not, at that time, granted.
Surrey Comet, 24 April 1901, p 8.
Cocos aequatorialis Barb.Rodr., Enum. Palm. Nov.: 38 (1875) is a synonym for Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916).
Cocos speciosa Barb.Rodr., Enum. Palm. Nov.: 38 (1875) is a synonym for Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 467 (1916). An homotypic synonym is Calappa speciosa (Barb.Rodr.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891).
Cocos normanbyi W.Hill ex F.Muell., Fragm. 8: 235 (1874), pro syn. is a synonym for Normanbya normanbyi (F.Muell.) L.H.Bailey, Gentes Herb. 2: 188 (1930).
1873
Frankland
Island, No. 4
Queensland - On the extreme end of the island we found two clumps of
cocoanut-trees,
Hill, W. (1874) Report of the Botanist. In: Narrative and Reports of the Queensland North-east Coast Expedition 1873. p52. Government Printer, Brisbane.
1872
East
Africa ⬠Coconuts abundant in Zanzibar in 1860 but
after a hurricane in 1872 majority destroyed. Few on east coast
mainland but none in the interior.
Grant, J.A. (1872/75) Addendum to the botany of the Speke & Grant Expedition. Trans. Linn. Soc 29, Part 1, 187-188.
Coral islands - "There is no known evidence that any island never inhabited has been found supplied with cocoa-nut trees . . . The possibility of a successful planting by the waves cannot be denied; but there are so many chances that the floating nut will be kept too long in the water, or thrown where it cannot germinate, that the probability of transplanting is exceedingly small. This palm - the Cocos nucifera of the botanists - is not included in the list of native coral island species on p. 238
Dana, J.D. (1872) Corals and coral islanders. p 281
Yap - David Dean O'Keefe, an American sailor who had been shipwrecked on Yap a year earlier (he'd been on a pearl-diving expedition), returns (in 1872). He uses a Chinese junk to transport stone money from the island of Palau to Yap in exchange for copra, the meat of coconut. He then exports the copra to Asia.
1871
The
Medicinal Properties of the Cocoa-Nut -
. . . The cocoa-nut is not a recognized medicinal plant in European
practice, though the oleine obtained by pressure from the crude oil
and refined, has been used as a substitute for cod-liver oil . . .
The crude oil, as brought into England, is obtained by boiling and
pressing the white kernel or albumen. While in a fresh state, and in
a liquid form, this oil is of a pale yellow color, and almost without
smell; it is much used in cookery by the natives, but becomes
partially solid and turns rancid before it arrives in this country,
where, for the purposes of the candle-maker, the stearine or solid
fat is separated from the fluid.
In the Fiji islands the milk
is very extensively used, but it has been supposed, with how much
truth we are not able to say, that the continued use of it
predisposes to the dropsical complaints which are said to prevail in
those islands.
The toddy or wine which is obtained from the
flower-spikes is described as being very refreshing and delicious,
taken before sunrise [unfermented]
By
JOHN R. JACKSON, A.L.S.,
Curator of the Museums, Royal Gardens,
Kew.
Cocos orinocensis Spruce, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 11: 161 (1871) is a synonym for Syagrus orinocensis (Spruce) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 695 (1937). Homotypic synonyms are Calappa orinocensis (Spruce) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891), Maximiliana orinocensis (Spruce) Speg., Physis (Buenos Aires) 3: 170 (1917) and Syagrus orinocensis (Spruce) Burret, Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 13: 695 (1937).
Cocos weddelliana H.Wendl., Florist & Pomol. 1871: 114 (1871) is a synonym for Lytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Toledo, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 8 (1944). Homotypic synonyms are Syagrus weddelliana (H.Wendl.) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 468 (1916), Lytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Toledo, Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo, n.s., f.m., 2: 8 (1944) and Microcoelum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) H.E.Moore, Gentes Herb. 9: 267 (1963).
1870
"Coperah"
from Ceylon.
Yeats, J. (1870) The Natural History of Commerce. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin. Cocoanut pp189-191.
Procter & Gamble - after successfully marketing soap and candles, Procter & Gamble extended its manufacturing and marketing efforts to include lard, another byproduct of the animal processing industry.
1869
The
King coconut was introduced to Jamaica from Ceylon (via Kew Gardens).
It cannot now be traced.
Harries, 1978
After Wallace
left South America (see 1853) he went to the East Indies where he
described coconut palms at night, illuminated by bonfires of their
old leaves "The effect was most magnificent - the tall stems,
the fine crowns of foliage, and the immense fruit-clusters,
Wallace, A.R. 1869 The Malay Archipelago. Richard Clay & Sons, London
1868
Niu
leka - The Niu
leka was reported from Samoa (Powell) and is found under the same
name in Tonga and Fiji. The same type is the Mahina Dwarf in the Cook
Islands, from where it was taken to Tahiti where it is known as
`Haari haeha' (Whitehead). It is also called the Fiji Dwarf, perhaps
because its commercial possibilities were first investigated there
Powell, T. (1868)
On various Samoan plants and their vernacular names. J. Bot. 6,
278-285, 342-347, 355-370.
Whitehead, 1966
1867
The
largest hailstones .
. . "were as large as coconuts and good-sized mangoes"
falling near Bellary, India, on 28 March 1867. Some weighed "six
seers, or three pounds".
Meteorological Magazine, December 1993.
1865
Western
Samoa - commercial planting by German companies took place mainly
between 1865 and 1881. In 1966 Whitehead commented on the uniformity
of those plantations.
Child, 1974
Cocos argentea Engel, Linnaea 33: 690 (1865) is a synonym for Syagrus sancona (Kunth) H.Karst., Linnaea 28: 247 (1856). Homotypic synonyms: are Syagrus argentea (Engel) Becc., Agric. Colon. 10: 465 (1916) and Butia argentea (Engel) Nehrl., Amer. Eagle 24(17): 1 (5 Sept. 1929).
1864
Charles
Darwin and the Coconut Crab - Was
Charles Darwin April Fooled into thinking that the coconut crab,
Birgus latro, could climb coconut palms, cut off the nuts and return
to the ground to peel, crack and eat them? Or did he April Fool the
readers of his journal?
Harries, H.C. (1983) The coconut palm, the robber crab and Charles Darwin: April Fool or a curious case of instinct? Principes 27, 131-137.
1863
Australia
- description of the plants of
the Australian Territory.
Bentham, G. (1863-1878) Flora Australiensis: Reeve, London.
1862
The
coconut palm at Syon ⬠The following is the kind of
treatment to which this has been subjected in the tropical house
here. In May 1860, when I first paid particular attention to it, I
found that the plant had been, and then was, in an unhealthy state.
The soil in which it grew I considered entirely unsuitable for it; I
therefore disrooted it, removing as much of the old soil as was
consistent with safety, replacing it with compost consisting of
three-fourths old turfy loam from a pasture and one-fourth rotted cow
dung and leaf mould, with just sufficient river sand to keep the
whole in open condition. After this was done I gave the whole a good
soaking with water to which a little common salt was added, and in
two months I had the satisfaction of seeing a much finer young leaf
than had ever before been on the plant. I continued to give copious
waterings weekly as follows, viz., two weeks pure rain water, the
next liquid manure from a cow-house tank, in the proportion of 1
gallon to 4 gallons of rain water, the following week a weak
application of common salt and water, and so on successively. In the
mean time the plant began to improve in health and to grow fast. From
January 1861 I withheld water to a great extent till the latter end
of February, when I again gave a fresh top-dressing of compost like
that above described, and watered as before. The plant continued to
grow most luxuriantly and on the 20th October last [1861]
the flower spathe appeared in sight, and opened on the 23rd
ult. [January 1862] As regards size I may add that the circumference
of the stem at the ground is 2 feet; from the ground to the base of
the leaves is 2½ feet; the leaves are 12½
feet long and 5 feet in width. The temperature
at which the house was kept in summer was as follows, viz., morning,
70° with a range from 25° to 30°
higher at noon; in winter, morning 70° with a range 10°
higher at mid-day; the bottom heat in summer was from 85°
to 95°; and in winter from 95° to 105°
. I may mention that in sunny weather the plant was always very
closely shaded, and that the atmosphere of the house was constantly
kept very moist.
J. Smith. The Gardens, Syon, Brentford.
The Gardenersâ¬" Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette, February 8, 1862; pp. 117-118.
Dunnage -
Coker-nuts -- as they are now generally called, and indeed "entered"
as such at the Custom-house, and so written by Mr. Mc Culloch, to
distinguish them from cocoa, or the berries of the cacâo,
used for chocolate, etc. -- are brought from the West Indies, both
British and Spanish, and Brazil. They are used as dunnage in the
sugar ships, being interposed between the hogsheads, to steady them
and prevent their being flung about. The coker-nut was introduced
into England in 1690. They are sold at public sales and otherwise,
and bring from 10s. to 14s. per 100. Coker-nuts are now used at fairs
to "top" the sticks. The costermongers rarely speculate in
coker-nuts now, as the boys will not buy them unless cut, and it is
almost impossible to tell how the coker-nut will "open."
The interior is sold in halfpenny-worth
Henry Mayhew (1861) London Labour and the London Poor, volume 1
Chemical analysis - of a reputed coconut pearl obtained in Singapore, showing it to be composed almost entirely of calcium carbonate with a little organic albuminous matter, and no cellulose.
Bacon, J (1861,1862)
Pacific Islanders - Shipmasters, who touch at these islands to get fresh provisions for their crews, say that they have known children not more than three years old to swim out to the ship anchored in the offing, having only a cocoa nut, with the husk left on, to buoy themselves up with in the water.
Jacob Abbott, American History, 1: Aboriginal America, New York: Sheldon.
Fish and chips - Joseph Malin opened a fish and chip shop in Cleveland Street within the sound of Bow Bells in 1860 and " . . . industrial soap factories started large scale national advertising of their products, with the pre-packaged brand names which still survive today. This competition put the small, local soap boilers out of business. These small operators would already have turned to using coconut oil since it produces a particularly useful soap (and is still used today in toiletries such as hair shampoo). What did they do when they found that their soap no longer sold? They converted the existing equipment - deep copper pans over open fires - and the same raw material - coconut oil - to deep-fry fish and chips".
Cod and chips - coconut and soap: is there a connection. Fish Friers Review, p. 22, October 1988
Cocos plumosa Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 86: t. 5180 (1860) is a synonym for Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Fieldiana, Bot. 31: 382 (1968). An homotypic synonym isCalappa plumosa (Hook.f.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 982 (1891).
Cocoanuts to Bullion. UK Public Record Office
1856
First doctoral thesis on
palms? [suggested by Dennis Johnson].
Regnaud, C. (1856) Histoire naturelle, hygiénique et économique du cocotier (Cocos nucifera Linn). Fac. Medic. Paris
Coquetiers en coco - Alors M. Lheureux exhiba délicatement trois écharpes algériennes, plusieurs paquets d'aiguilles anglaises, une paire de pantoufles en paille, et, enfin, quatre coquetiers en coco, ciselés à jour par des forçats.
Gustave Flaubert (1856) Madame Bovary (Chapter 14).
1855
Candles
- "Cocoa-nut oil is one of
the best-known products of this Palm, from its extensive employment
in Europe, especially for making the excellent candles known as
Stearine . . . made in such enormous quantities and of such excellent
quality under Mr. G. Wilson's intelligent superintendence
Forbes Royle, J. (1855) The fibrous plants of India. Smith, Elder and Co. London. pp 102-123 Cocoa-nut tree and fibre.
Five
separate and distinct liquids from the same tree!
- As the
stream issued from the rock in the wilderness, so the cocoa-nut tree
yields a pure draught from a dry and barren land; a cup of water to
the temperate and thirsty traveler; a cup of cream from the pressed
kernel; a cup of refreshing and sparkling toddy to the early riser; a
cup of arrack to the hardened spirit-drinker,
Colpettytopes
- Cocoa-nut Toddy - Arrack - Cocoa-nut Oil -
Cocoa-nut-plant
Sir
Samuel White Baker (1855) Eight Years' Wanderings in Ceylon
1854
Coker
Nut - The
Cocoa or Coker Nut (Archer, pp35-36)
Archer TC (1854)
First Steps in Economic Botany (abridgement of Popular Economic
Botany)
Child, R. (1956) The spelling of "Coconut".
Chemistry and Industry, 1522
Cod-liver Oil and Cocoa-nut Oil - ". . . during the administration of cod-liver oil to phthisical patients their blood grew richer in red corpuscles, and he refers to a previous observation of Dr. Franz Simon to the same effect. The use of almond-oil and of olive-oil was not followed by any remedial effect, but from cocoa-nut oil results were obtained almost as decided as from the oil of the liver of the Cod, and the author believes it may turn out to be a useful substitute. The oil employed was a pure cocoa oleine obtained by pressure from crude cocoa-nut oil, as expressed in Ceylon and the Malabar coast from the Copperah or dried cocoa-nut kernel, and refined by being treated with an alkali and then repeatedly washed with distilled water. It burns with a faint blue flame, showing a comparatively small proportion of carbon, and is undrying."
"On the Changes produced in the Blood by the administration of Cod-liver Oil and Cocoa-nut Oil" By THEOPHILUS THOMPSON, M.D., F.R.S. Received March 30, 1854. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 7, 41-42.
===============
1853
Amazon
- In 1853, A.R. Wallace, the
co-discoverer of the theory of evolution, could write about the
coconut palm in the Amazon region "It is in a foreign land. It
flourishes . . . but no part of it is applied to any useful purpose,
the fruit only being consumed as an occasional luxury. In the towns
and larger villages where the Portuguese have settled it has been
planted, but among the Indians of the interior it is still quite
unknown".
Wallace, A.R. 1853 Palm trees of the Amazon. Jon van Voorst, London.
Mersey - Although Port Sunlight is famous for its houses built for the workers at the local soap factory [Lever's], it was not the first such village in the area. Thirty-five years earlier, in 1853, James and George Wilson, who were directors of Price's Patent Candle Company of Battersea, were looking for a site to establish a new northern factory. Bromborough Pool was the site they chose for the Price's Candle Factory and the village that was built for its workers was (and still is) known as Price's Village even though only a small building with a clock tower is all that remains of the original Price's factory . . . Since the turn of the [20th] century, candle manufacture has been concentrated at the Battersea factory. In 1937, the Bromborough Pool factory became part of the Unilever group and recently the name was changed to Unichema Limited.
Cocos cocoyule Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 324 (1853) is an unplaced name*
Cocos guacuyule Liebm. ex Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 323 (1853) is an unplaced name.* A homotypic synonym is Orbignya guacuyule (Liebm. ex Mart.) Hern.-Xol., Bol. Soc. Bot. México 9: 17 (1949).
Cocos regia Liebm. in C.F.P.von Martius, Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 323 (1853) is an unplaced name.* An homotypic synonym i Scheelea liebmannii Becc., Bibliot. Agr. Colon. Firenze 1916: 113 (1916).
* Govaerts, R. (1999). World Checklist of Seed Plants. 3(1, 2a & 2b): 1-1532. Continental Publishing, Deurne; Govaerts, R. & Dransfield, J. (2003). World Checklist of Palms. 1. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Cocos vinifera (Mart.)
Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 324 (1853) is a synonym for Pseudophoenix
vinifera (Mart.) Becc., Pomona Coll. J. Econ. Bot. 2(2): 268
(1912). Homotypic synonyms are Euterpe vinifera* Mart., Hist.
Nat. Palm. 1: t. z.II, f. 18, 19 (1831)., Gaussia vinifera (Mart.)
H.Wendl. in O.C.E.de Kerchove de Denterghem, Palmiers: 245 (1878),
Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc., Pomona Coll. J. Econ.
Bot. 2(2): 268 (1912) and Aeria vinifera (Mart.) O.F.Cook, J.
Wash. Acad. Sci. 13: 399 (1923). * Basionym/Replac
|
Jean
Foucault, first gyroscope |
1851
Cocos nana Griff., Not. Pl. Asiat. 3: 166 (1851) is a synonym for Cocos nucifera L., Sp. Pl.: 1188 (1753).
1850-1881
The Dutch produced regular reports on coconut cultivation in Indonesia between 1850 and 1881.
Child, 1974
1850
Coconut
not imported for any other economic purpose -
"Mr Poole* stated that in 1850 the imports were 1,575,000 nuts,
or the enormous weight of 1575 tons; and be it remembered the
cocoa-nut is merely used as a luxury, chiefly by childre